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Two specialized symbols which are functional in most databases are the wildcard and truncation symbols. The example below shows how significant term versus phrase searching can be: If there are fewer retrieved results with the use of quotes, which is logical since the terms music and education may occur in a record when they are not in a phrase. 4: In the database ERIC search: music education. The use of quotes generally guarantees a phrase search. Keyword indexes can search for individual terms or phrases. You notice in the example above about clarifying logical operators that quotes were used to enclose "influence on". If they are the same number (or very close) then it signifies that WorldCat treats strings of keyword as if they were connected by AND. Note the total number of records retrieved. 3: In the database WorldCat search: music education. If you want terms connected by OR or NOT, be explicit and if you want several terms searched only as a phrase, use quotes. Generally databases treat strings of keywords as if connected by AND. To make the results of your searching more predictable, try to ascertain how a given interface handles logical operators and strings of keywords. One of the reasons Advanced Search Spaces have multiple boxes is to address this problem. Depending on the database interface you will have to add parentheses to make the intended logical relationship clear or use multiple search boxes to do the same:
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Haydn AND influence AND Mozart OR BeethovenĪs: (Haydn AND influence AND Mozart) OR BeethovenĪnd retrieve many citations which contain only “Beethoven”. If you tried to construct a search to find materials on the influence of Haydn on Mozart and Beethoven, most database interfaces will interpret: Long strings of keywords connected by different logical operators will often not work in expected ways, since more than one type of logical operator requires that you group terms within parentheses. Terms connected by AND will retrieve citations containing both terms (Mozart AND ornamentation), terms connected by OR will retrieve citations containing either term (orchestration OR instrumentation), and terms connected by NOT will retrieve citations containing the first term but exclude citations if the second term is also present (Haydn NOT review). Within the Advanced Search Space you may use logical connectors within a search box or between search boxes. When more than one keyword is entered in a search box, you must establish a relationship between the terms, which is done by connecting the terms with a logical connector such as AND, OR, NOT. The three fundamental techniques in keyword searching are: logical connectors (AND, OR, NOT), term versus phrase searching, and special techniques such as truncation of a term or the insertion of a wildcard character in a term. The Advanced Search Space is at its most basic a keyword searching space. Take note of similarities and differences in the Advanced Search Space for the three different interfaces. 2: access the following the following databases: RILM Abstracts of Musical Literature, ProQuest Dissertations, and WorldCat. Many interfaces for academic databases open in the advanced searching mode, but some open to the simple search function. The advanced search function has multiple boxes which allow you enter keywords for searching, but allow you to specify which database index is searched. Most database interfaces include a simple search function which consists of a single box for entering search terms which will then be searched as keywords in most of the fields in the database records.